Designing communications in a private house - how installation occurs and how much it costs

Building your own home is a heap of problems associated with obtaining permits and drawing up project documentation. It is at this stage that we have to plan communications for a private home. This must be done once, at a professional level, with a high degree of detail for each type of engineering lines.

What are utilities in a private house?

This is an umbrella term for the transmission lines through which the relevant types of services are supplied to the home. Typically, the utilities of a private house mean pipes and electrical wiring through which energy resources, water are supplied, sewage and polluted air are discharged.

Communications can be of three types:

1. Individual.Engineering communications for heat generation, water intake and ventilation are carried out without the participation of public and private companies
2. Purchased from suppliers. The supply of gas and electricity and the removal of wastewater is carried out through communications laid from supply companies to the territory of a private household.
3. Combined. You only receive permission, and the construction of communications in a private house is carried out on your own, without the participation of inspectors.

This division is arbitrary, but the essence of the problem is important here. For example, water supply and sewerage for a private household can be either individual and independent of outside organizations, or included in the structure of the Gorvodokanal.

In the first case, the owners on the site and in the house lay utilities at their own discretion. The correct connection and compliance with the requirements of SNiPs and GOSTs is not controlled.

In the second, communications throughout the territory and inside a private house are laid with the permission and under the control of government services. Sometimes, as in the case of laying gas pipes, installation and startup of heating equipment, connection of external communications to a private home must be carried out by craftsmen who have permission to work and have a level of qualifications.

Heating in a private house

To heat residential premises, you can use an electric, gas or solid fuel boiler. Or, as an option, make a direct connection of electric convectors or film heated floors to the electrical network.

If you do water heating, then the heating circuit communications can be built inside a private household in three ways:

• single-pipe or sequential circuit;
• parallel circuit or two-pipe;
• collector circuit.

In the first and second cases, hot water supply communications are laid sequentially through all living areas of a private house.

The option with a collector is used for large private houses. Instead of one heating circuit, several branches are laid. Communications can be routed to:

• warm water floor;
• wall radiators;
• hot water storage boiler.

They are all connected in a common manifold connected to the heating boiler. Heating communications of a private house, the location of pipes and the diagram of their connection to the heat source are usually not controlled.

The communication diagram for the electric heating method is simpler, and installing electrical wiring requires less effort than installing a heating circuit from a pipe.

Electrical wiring for connecting devices is laid taking into account the requirements for wires for power installations. The laying diagram must be included in the design of the power supply, location of consumers and communications of a private house.

Warm and cold water

The location of the cold and hot water supply communication system is determined by the owners of a private house at their own discretion. The only thing you need to pay attention to is the installation of cold water consumption meters.

To connect to a centralized cold water supply, you need a design for installing a water meter, taking into account the requirements for its location, method of protection and reading of information.

For hot water supply communications, you need to choose the right type of pipe and connection diagram to the heat source. Typically, hot water pipes are laid inside the house parallel to cold water communications.

Sewerage

A plan for the location of sewer communications is drawn up before obtaining permission to build a private household. This is done to confirm compliance with SNiP requirements.

For intra-house communications, instead of a plan, an assembly diagram is made, according to which the sewerage system is laid inside a private house - from the highest point of the sewer pipe to its outlet outside the building.

Electrical supply for a private home

The laying of electrical communications to the building and inside the dwelling is regulated by the “Rules for the Construction of Electrical Installations” or abbreviated as PUE. From the regulatory document you will need to take:

1. A diagram of the electrical cable supply to the house, the type and cross-section of the wire used.
2. Design of the input panel.
3. Determine the wire cross-section and parameters of protective devices installed on in-house electrical communications.
4. Calculate the number of electricity consumers and the total electrical power at maximum load.
5. Compose PDesign of electrical communications for a private house, indicating connection points, location of electricity and power consumers.

Before drawing up a project, you must obtain permission from the local office of Gorelectrondazor. Project documentation for connecting private households can be done by companies licensed for this type of work.

To obtain permission, officials require from owners all documents for home ownership, passports for electrical equipment, quality certificates for wires and electrical fittings. Sometimes premises are inspected.

Wiring layout inside the room you can do it yourself, but you need to take into account that the quality and correctness of the installation of communications by a private person will be checked with special care before they give permission to test and turn on the electricity.

Ventilation system in a private house

In high-rise apartments, the presence of ventilation communications is built into the housing layout. Typically, the project includes natural supply and exhaust ventilation, provided by built-in ventilation shafts and chimneys. This solution ensures stable ventilation, even if the apartment is empty.

The same solution is recommended for use for ventilation communications inside small private housing construction. The only exceptions will be the kitchen and boiler room. They will need forced supply and exhaust ventilation.

Typically, a house has two pipes for natural ventilation and one chimney for the heating boiler. The height of the exhaust ducts is less than in the case of multi-story buildings, so if necessary, deflectors can be installed on the pipes that can increase draft.

For large buildings, a forced air removal scheme is used. Holes are made in the ceiling of the rooms to capture air. Air duct communications are laid behind the ceiling cladding. All channels are directed to the kitchen or utility room, where the following are located:

• fan or air conditioning unit;
• recuperator heat exchanger, which removes heat from dirty air to heat the fresh air flow;
• air intake pipe leading to the roof;
• ventilation shaft for removing exhaust air.

Each private house has its own layout features.They can affect the efficiency of ventilation. Therefore do distribution of ventilation communications without preliminary calculation is not recommended.

Gas supply to a private home

Currently, gas for a private home can be supplied in two ways - from a gas tank or from a gas pipeline running along the street. The indoor communication system is largely similar. The only difference is the gas tank control group (pressure and temperature) installed on the inlet pipe.

Gas supply the interior of the room must be made with a steel pipe. Communications from the main street distribution or gas tank can be made using polypropylene pipes with a yellow stripe.

Internal gas communications are laid with steel pipes. Connection of consumers is carried out with a stainless steel bellows connection. The use of rubber hoses (for propane cylinders) is strictly prohibited.

How communications are designed

Well-designed project pipe routing inside a private household is a guarantee of the durability of communications. In addition, a document approved and endorsed by a regulatory authority can serve as a good argument in the event of a conflict.

For example, if you need to defend the right to warranty repair of an expensive gas boiler or gas holder. Typically, the companies that sold the equipment refuse to repair it on the grounds of violation of operating rules and improper installation of communications inside the house.

Choosing the type of sewage system

For a private household, a sewerage, wastewater removal or recycling system can be built according to one of three schemes:

1. Connect to a common sewer pipe (relevant for private houses located within the city).
2. Equip a septic tank with a liquid waste dispersion field.
3. Install a bioseptic tank.

In the first case, to connect sewer communications, you will need to make a project with a plan for the location of the tie-in into the common channel. The problem is that you can only connect the pipe through a tee, and to do this you may have to cut or disassemble a section. In addition, you need to make a calculation on the amount of waste water discharged.

If the size of the free space on the site allows, then it is better to install a septic tank. This is a regular large-capacity plastic drum with a settling tank for solids.

All wastewater that enters it through sewer lines is settled. Solid waste is separated in a storage tank and subsequently removed; liquid waste is filtered through a layer of sand and crushed stone. The purified liquid is dispersed in the ground at a depth of at least one and a half meters without reaching the surface.

You can install a septic tank yourself or order a project with installation. In this case, there will be coordination with the SES, which will eliminate possible claims from neighbors.

Sewage communications inside the house are laid either to a common riser (for large buildings), or through connecting two or three small diameter pipes (50 mm) to a tee (100 mm) in front of the inspection hatch at the exit from the premises.

Autonomous water supply systems for a private house

To provide housing with drinking water in an autonomous mode, wells or boreholes drilled into near-surface underground aquifers are usually used. The depth of the well can be up to 12 m, wells - up to 70 m.

It’s easier to make a well - you can dig it anywhere, even in the basement of a private house. For the well, you will have to enter into an agreement with a private company. It is necessary to obtain permission for the construction of a water intake with preliminary exploration of the aquifer and registration of a passport for the water source after launch.

In any case, you will need to install a submersible pump in the well, and lay pipes from it from the water intake into the basement. The upper concrete ring is covered with a hatch with a ventilation vent, and water is drawn through the shaft wall via water supply lines laid in the ground.

A pumping station and an expansion tank are installed in the basement. Further installation of communications in a private house is carried out in the same order as for apartments.

Types of work when designing gas supply for a private house

All stages of work, from design to testing and putting gas communications into operation, are carried out either by gas service specialists or by a company with a license to lay pipes for gas supply.

It’s difficult because at the time of submitting an application to the Gas Department you already need to have information about what gas appliances will be installed for hot water, heating and cooking. With passports and certificates. It’s troublesome, because many of the nuances of a private house project will have to be proven in Gorgaz.

The first step is to obtain technical specifications - a standard list of requirements for communications. They need to be completed in order for the house to be connected to a common pipe. To do this, an application is written on a standard form on behalf of a private individual. The application must be accompanied by certified copies of the following documents:

1. A certificate or any other document confirming ownership of a private home and plot of land.
2. House plan with approximate location of gas consumption appliances.
3. Situational plan for a site in an urban development scheme.

At this stage, UGC may be required to calculate the total and maximum gas consumption, possibly with load justification. Also, specialists involved in issuing technical specifications like to go to the construction site of a private house in order to clarify the information provided.

For example, make sure that there are no unregistered buildings, a sauna or a summer kitchen on the site, to which gas communications will certainly be laid, but in an “informal” way.

If, according to the conditions for installing a gas boiler in a private house, the construction of a boiler room is required, then you will additionally need to obtain a construction permit.

Design work is carried out by a licensed company. A specialist will definitely visit the site (at the applicant’s expense) to link the project. A standard gas connection project includes:

1. A bound explanatory note with a diagram of the laying of communications to the building and inside the premises with symbols and dimensions.
2. Assembly drawing of communications indicating the points of passage of the wall and places of welding work.
3. Specification for materials used and purchased fittings.

In private offices, design documentation is always done on the fly, often with errors. Therefore, before submitting the project for approval by the gas supplier, it would be correct to obtain advice from an independent expert.

After approval, an estimate is drawn up for the purchase of materials and work.After assembling the gas communications, the UGS inspector writes an acceptance certificate, records the meter readings and removes the seal from the valve. If there are no comments on the operation of the equipment, the report is signed and transferred to the UGC. One copy remains with the owner of the house.

Development of a heating system project for a private house

In fact, calculating the heating characteristics is important only for an apartment in a multi-storey building, provided that the home owner switches from a centralized system to an individual one. This is necessary to balance the heating of the entire building.

For a private house, the project is done in order to determine the required thermal power of the boiler or electric heaters. It is assumed that for every 10 m² there should be 1 kW/h of heat given off by an electric convector or the heating surface of water heating radiators.

Calculation results according to heating system will be needed to justify the planned consumption of gas or electricity. They will be attached to the application for laying gas communications of the appropriate cross-section or increasing the limitation of electrical power consumption for the operation of the electric boiler.

In addition, the project is being done in order to force owners of private houses to lay communications from certified materials and install heating equipment approved for use. Therefore, it is coordinated with the inspection of the Ministry of Emergency Situations.

Ventilation design for a private home

The essence of any project ventilation system – in determining the characteristics of windows, ducts, fans, their location inside a private house. Supply and exhaust ventilation must ensure a stable change of air in all rooms.

On the one hand, this is necessary in order to remove water vapor released by a person when breathing, formed during the combustion of gas and entering inside with humid street air. If this is not done, then the plaster and brick of the walls will over time become oversaturated with condensed vapors. The material will deteriorate, collect dust, and a fertile environment for the development of fungus will appear.

On the other hand, for a long stay in a confined space, a person needs fresh air with an oxygen content of 20-21%. At lower values, well-being and performance deteriorate sharply. The amount of air that should enter the room is determined by the purpose of the room (SNiP 2.08.01-89 “Residential buildings..”:

1. For rooms associated with food preparation (kitchen/dining room), the inflow should be 3 cubic meters per 1 m² room area, hood 90 m³/h.
2. Bathroom, combined bathroom-toilet, extractor hood – 25 m³/h, inflow 3 m³ for each square of area.
3. For residential premises (living room, bedroom), there should be an hourly air flow equal to the volume of the room. In utility rooms, the frequency of air changes is at least 1.5.

For each room, a map of the inflow and outflow of polluted air through air ducts is drawn up. Knowing the volume, you can calculate the cross-section of communications and the performance of supply and exhaust fans.

How to lay communications in a private house

The laying of any communications begins with the most important ones in terms of ensuring construction work and life activities. For example, an unfinished house needs electricity and water. Gas, heat and sewerage are provided when the private building is ready at a level of at least 80-90%.

Before starting work, it is recommended to carry out markings for the future laying of all communications. This approach will help identify possible problems with errors in the distribution of pipes for various purposes within a private household. In addition, in the case of sewer pipes, it will be necessary to coordinate the discharge and drainage of storm water. Otherwise, the area of ​​land around a private household will be regularly flooded with rainwater.

Sewage system in a private house

The assembly of sewer lines can begin immediately after laying the subfloors, after marking the places for home plumbing installation. Initially, the main riser or storage manifold is installed, from which a connection is made to external drain communications.

The manifold is equipped with an inspection box. Two conclusions are made, the first - with a bowl for receiving drain pipes inside the house, the second - for joining with external sewage lines leading to the septic tank.

Private house water supply system

The laying of water communications begins with the arrangement of a storage area for the installation of a pumping station and a compensator tank. The pump can be placed inside a private house, in a caisson, or lowered inside a well or well.

A check valve, a cut-off valve for air discharge and automatic protection of the electric motor are also installed here if a centrifugal type pump is installed in a private house.

All pipes leading into the house, as well as water communications laid on the territory of a private plot, must be insulated with a polyethylene foam cover. Any pipes with water and wastewater located in the unheated basement of the building are also insulated.If the depth of soil freezing is too great, then in addition to insulation with polypropylene foam, communications are equipped with a heating cable.

The water supply inside the house is made with polyethylene pipes. It is easier to assemble the distribution of water communications indoors in the form of a collector made of a large-diameter PP pipe and several branches of metal-plastic pipes connected through soldered adapter fittings.

The collector circuit for distributing communications in a private home is convenient in that all consumers remain independent of each other. Any branch can be turned off without shutting off the water in the entire house.

Electrical supply for a private home

The input from the external power line to the meter and distribution board is usually made through a curved pipe - a “gander”, fixed to the facade of a private house. The second option is to lay electrical communications from the line on the pole through a steel pipe in the ground, lying at a depth of at least 1.2-1.5 m.

The meter will need to be installed on the facade of private housing construction. Next, from the metering device, a cable (aluminum five-core) is led inside the room to the switchboard. The switchboard must have a general power switch, grounding, a circuit breaker and a set of packets through which individual branches of the electrical wiring are connected.

Electrical communications inside a private building can be laid in three ways:

1. Sequential circuit. Wiring for a private home is carried out in one or two lines, with a large cross-section cable. The wire is laid sequentially from room to room. Boxes are installed at outlet points for switches and lamps.
2. Star scheme. From the switchboard to the distribution box, each room of a private house has its own section of wire.Also, the “star” is used when connecting a large number of lamps placed evenly on the ceiling and walls of the room.
3. Combined scheme. Both options for laying communications outlined above are used.

If a room is allocated for a bathhouse inside a private house, then for the electric heater and lighting you need to lay a separate line with an RCD and a circuit breaker. Similar requirements apply to the installation of an electric heating boiler in a house.

We place all electrical communications in plastic boxes or, better yet, in polyethylene (steel) corrugation. According to the requirements of the PUE, the protective shell is used only if the premises of private housing construction are lined with flammable materials.

Wires in a heat-resistant rubber sheath can be laid directly on the wall, on ceramic barrel holders, even if the surface is lined with wooden paneling or OSB.

If the walls of a private house are made of brick, then the best option would be to place communications in plastic boxes laid in grooved channels. For walls lined with plasterboard, the wiring is laid between the pier and the ceiling space. Be sure to use corrugation.

Gas supply to a private home

Gas communications are led into the premises or through the wall of the building. In this case, the pipe must be seamless steel.

In some cases, it is allowed to lay communications along the site using polyethylene pipes certified for use in gas networks. But the entry, no matter through the wall or through the base of a private house, must be made with a metal blank.

The gas meter can be installed on the facade of the building.In this case, the gas purification filter and sealable valve must be placed in a protective box. Threaded couplings on the meter and other fastening elements are protected from moisture.

Inside the premises, communications are laid in an open way. Laying pipes under cladding or plaster is prohibited. From the outlet pipe of the gas meter to the first consumer there must be a horizontal section of pipe, at least one meter long. All gas appliances are connected to communications using corrugated stainless steel connections.

How much does it cost to install communications in a private house?

The most difficult period of work was always the stage of drawing up estimates for the work. The costs of materials for laying communications in a private home can still be pre-calculated based on the price lists of construction companies.

The costs of preparing documentation, permits, certificates, preliminary calculations, drawing up copies of plans and technical specifications are difficult to calculate in advance. Depending on the location of construction and the estimated value of a private home, this estimate item for different regions may differ significantly.

Solving communication issues through the HOA

If a private household is located in close proximity to other houses, in order to gain access to sewer lines or water supply, the consent of the neighbors is required. Your pipes will have to be pulled through the private territory of others.

If you cannot come to an agreement with the neighbors of a private house, then you need to build bypass communications. With the plumbing, everything is clear - to supply water, you need to lay the pipe bypassing the neighbors. This can be done even along the boundaries between areas.

Sewer communications can also be laid bypassing, but instead of a free-flow gravity system, a pressure outlet sewer will have to be laid. The wastewater will first accumulate in a storage tank.

Once a day, the contents are pumped out by a fecal pump into the general sewer system. Such a project for a private home costs twice as much as a conventional connection.

Water supply and sewerage to a private house

The cost of building a well and laying communications from it to a house without a pump and caisson is 30-35 thousand rubles. This is provided that a preliminary water survey has been carried out on the site, and there are recommendations on the characteristics of the well.

If you make an autonomous water supply for a private household using a well, then the cost estimate will be up to 70 thousand rubles. with simple concreting of the head and installation of communications into the house. For a well with a plastic caisson and a pumping station, costs increase to 90-95 thousand rubles.

For an artesian well, the cost will at least double, even if permission is obtained for its drilling and non-commercial use.

The cost of a sewer system with a plastic septic tank, a septic tank and a scattering field for a private house with an area of ​​up to 70 m² will be at least 90-100 thousand rubles. The estimate for installing a biological septic tank of the Topas 5 type on the site with the laying of communications will be 160-180 thousand rubles.

Electricity to a private house

Providing electricity is expensive. Prices for different types of work may vary depending on the capabilities of the private contractor. Approximate prices:

• obtaining technical specifications – 4-5 thousand rubles;
• registration of a package of documents for connecting one private building - 10 thousand rubles;
• installation work - 7-8 thousand rubles;
• materials - cable, support, meter - 13-15 thousand rubles.

If you need to increase the power limit to 30 kW or switch to a three-phase network, then the cost of re-registration and laying new communications will additionally amount to 10-12 thousand rubles.

Gas to a private house

The costs of supplying gas to a private household depend on the category of the property. For ordinary housing construction with a consumption of no more than 5 m³/h of network gas, the cost of work according to the law cannot exceed 50 thousand rubles.

In practice, the estimate for connecting a private house to a pipe often reaches 130-180 thousand rubles. The costs must include numerous project approvals, clarification of calculations for heat generation of equipment and assessment of residual pressure in central gas communications. In addition, the cost of laying pipes can vary greatly among different private enterprises.

The total costs of installing communications for private houses are impressive. Therefore, they try to break the estimate into several stages when considering possible options. For private households, the following connection order is usually followed - water and electricity are provided first, then sewerage, heating, and gas last.

Tell us about your options for connecting communications – are there optimal solutions to reduce costs? Save the material in bookmarks so as not to lose useful information.